Definition of Fascism

Fascism is an extreme, ultranationalist, authoritarian political ideology that elevates the nation or a specific race above the individual, rejects democracy, enforces strict social and economic regimentation, and suppresses opposition through violence and state power.

Core Characteristics

Fascism centers on ultranationalism, presenting the nation as a sacred entity to which all individuals must subordinate themselves. It relies on authoritarian leadership, typically embodied in a single, powerful figure who exercises centralized control. The ideology rejects liberal democracy and pluralism, viewing them as weak or corrupting influences.

Fascist movements suppress dissent through censorship, intimidation, and violence. They glorify militarism, discipline, and sacrifice, treating conflict as a means of national renewal. Social hierarchy is emphasized, with rigid gender roles and rule by an elite considered natural and necessary.

Economically, fascism favors corporatism or state‑directed structures that reject both free‑market liberalism and Marxist socialism. A central ideological feature is palingenesis, the promise of national rebirth after a period of perceived decline.

Historical Context

Fascism emerged after World War I, first in Italy under Benito Mussolini and later in Germany under Adolf Hitler. It spread across Europe, Latin America, and parts of Asia, dominating portions of the political landscape from 1919 to 1945. Although defeated militarily in World War II, fascist ideas reappeared in various neofascist movements in subsequent decades.

Comparative Overview

Feature	Fascism	Liberal Democracy	Communism
Core Value	Nation or race	Individual rights	Class equality
Leadership	Dictatorial	Elected	Party elite
Economy	Corporatist or state‑directed	Market‑based	State‑planned
Opposition	Suppressed	Protected	Suppressed
Role of Violence	Glorified	Restricted	Instrumental