Historical Context Under Assad

Prior to December 2024, Syria produced approximately 80% of the world's Captagon, generating an estimated $5–57 billion annually. The trade was institutionalized under Bashar al-Assad, with key roles played by the 4th Armored Division (commanded by his brother Maher) and regime-affiliated militias.

Changes After Assad's Fall

The fall of Assad in December 2024 led to a significant disruption in large-scale, state-sponsored Captagon production. The transitional government under Ahmad al-Sharaa publicly committed to ending the trade:

  • Burning seized pills
  • Shutting down high-profile labs
  • Collaborating with neighboring countries like Jordan to secure borders

Initial reports indicated a 90% reduction in Captagon flows shortly after Assad's ouster.

Persistent Challenges and Ongoing Production

Despite these efforts, smaller, mobile labs have emerged in eastern and southern Syria (e.g., Daraa, Deir ez-Zor, Suwayda), often operated by former regime operatives, local militias, or criminal networks.

Recent seizures indicate ongoing production:
  • May 2025: Syrian and Turkish officials seized 9 million pills in Aleppo
  • June 2025: Jordan intercepted 9.5 million pills near the Syrian border

Regional Expansion and Diversification

Trafficking networks have adapted, expanding routes to Europe (e.g., Italy, Germany) and Asia (e.g., Malaysia, Philippines). Lebanon (especially the Beqaa Valley) and Libya have emerged as alternative production sites.

Why Production Persists

  • Economic incentives: Captagon remains highly profitable (pills cost cents to produce but sell for $5–25 each)
  • Weak state control: Southern Syria remains lawless, with tribal militias and drug kingpins operating freely
  • Demand-driven market: Gulf countries (especially Saudi Arabia) remain major consumers

Conclusion

Syria is no longer the monolithic producer it was under Assad, but it remains a key node in a fragmented and adaptable Captagon industry. The transitional government's efforts have reduced large-scale production but face challenges from decentralized labs, regional trafficking networks, and persistent demand.

For now, the title of "largest producer" may have shifted to a multi-regional network involving Syria, Lebanon, and Libya.

Information based on UNODC World Drug Report and regional security analyses as of mid-2025.