Common Citation Systems in Graduate School
The three most ubiquitous citation styles you’ll encounter in graduate programs are:
- APA (American Psychological Association)
- MLA (Modern Language Association)
- Chicago Manual of Style (Notes & Bibliography and Author-Date)
Core Styles and Their Disciplines
| Style | Typical Disciplines | In-Text Format | Reference List Heading |
|---|---|---|---|
| APA | Psychology, Education, Social Sciences | (Smith, 2023) | References |
| MLA | Literature, Languages, Cultural Studies | (Smith 45) | Works Cited |
| Chicago Notes & Bibliography | History, Art History, Theology | Superscript ¹ (note at bottom) | Bibliography |
| Chicago Author-Date | Sociology, Information Science, Sciences | (Smith 2023, 45) | References |
Discipline-Specific and Alternative Systems
Natural Sciences & Engineering often use numerical or author-date styles such as Vancouver (numbered) or IEEE (superscript numbers).
Business and Economics sometimes prefer the Harvard author-date system, which closely mirrors APA but with slight formatting differences.
Law and Legal Studies rely on Bluebook (U.S.) or OSCOLA (U.K.), specialized note-based styles tailored for statutes and case law.
If you’re leaning toward a particular field or journal, it’s always wise to check departmental guidelines or your advisor’s preference.
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